Tuesday, 31 March 2009

How to confront Bolivian bureaucracy and survive (Part II)


What did I say about this process of getting a temporary visa being easy? (read previous post to know what I am talking about). Yesterday was interesting because after three long hours, I passed a medical test that included blood and urine tests, a chest X-ray, and someone who checked my blood pressure, measured me (with my shoes on) and weighted me (with all my clothes on). The results will be ready in two, three (nobody knows) weeks. I don’t know when but I expect to get that health certificate at some point.

What I never expected was the hitch that emerged today. After trying in vain to recover my passport yesterday, I went again to the migration office today to get my shining new month-long visa that allows me to go forward with the process of getting the next, year-long one. I was surprised to be told that there was a problem with my application. Apparently the problem is that, although in order to apply for this visa I needed to have a work contract, it is illegal to have a work contract without having the visa in the first place. Has anyone read Catch 22? Hmmm…quite.

After being reprimanded by the same guy who gave me the list of required documentation to apply for this visa (by God, how could I think I could have a work contract without this visa!!) I was told an ‘inspector’ will call in to ‘fine’ me and my company for this transgression.

So, can this ‘problem’ be solved with money? Yes it can. Of course I smell a rat, a corrupt one at that, but can do nothing about it until this ‘inspector’ calls because the fucker has my passport. And when he calls in, do I shut up and give him the money he asks for or do I shoot him? I feel like doing the latter but you will have to wait and see what happens on the next episode of this saga…coming to your computer screens veeeeery soon.

If anyone has any useful suggestions as to how to proceed, please write with comments….

Thursday, 26 March 2009

How to confront Bolivian bureaucracy and survive (I hope)


Ok so I have been here since September so I was about to get into trouble with the law. Normally when one enters the country, it is possible to get up to 90 days stay without visa. Until this year, most foreigners who lived in the country could go to a border point every three months, leave and re-enter the country asking for another 90 days. A friend told me he knew of someone who had spent the last 16 years doing just that!!

So, I thought, I could do the same. Except that things have changed and you now get 90 days stay maximum each year. So I stayed for 90 days between September and the end of December, point at which Karen and I went to Chile for New Year. That was my quota of time for 2008. On my return in January, I asked for permission to remain in the country for another 90 days and these are coming to an end next week.

Ohhh noooo…..what am I going to do?? Student visa? No, since you have to apply for it back in the UK. Could I get a visa as my wife’s dependent? No, because she has a volunteer’s resident permit (don’t ask me why, it’s a long story) and as such, cannot, in theory, have dependents.

Should I simply stay on as an illegal? I am yet to find out what the penalty for this might be. I hope a fine and expulsion from the country but then I rather not find out even though this is a country with one third of its population living abroad and, in the case of those in Europe – typically in Spain – 80 per cent of Bolivians are there illegally. Would the authorities here show more understanding with me, another one “…of those fu%^&ing immigrants who come over here to steal our jobs, our women and to bring diseases?” (Sorry but I had to repeat language that a friend in Spain was telling me is becoming rather common to refer to migrants over there).

Best not to find out, I thought. I wouldn’t want to spend a day in San Pedro Prison even though it appears to be a rather popular tourist destination, subject of a book that has made it to a best sellers’ list among backpackers and where, it is said, one can find the cheapest drugs in the city. News of this has become a minor scandal in the country in the last two weeks. Still…best not to find out.

So, instead, I am about to confront the bureaucratic nightmare that seems to be part of getting temporary residency for one year. I am really lucky because as part of a little job I was asked to do for a local NGO, I was given what 70 per cent of Bolivians who work in the informal economy do not have: a contract. Even more than that. When it emerged that a consultancy contract was not enough to satisfy the bureaucratic needs of the process, my friend Cecilia the administrator of this NGO, issued me a common contract that includes a monthly salary, pension and health care contributions… the lot. Can anyone imagine this with Bolivians living in the UK? I don’t think so.

So it appears I now have the most important thing needed to justify a request for a 12 month temporary residency permit. Well, more or less. This new contract has to go to the ministry of employment where for US $ 50 someone will stamp it in two, three... (nobody knows) weeks. But I still need a zillion other documents and signatures to actually get the permit. Do you want to know the list?

OK, here is the process (It will help me write it down so that I know what I am doing). When you apply for temporary residency, you actually have to apply for two separate visas. The first is a 30 day visa “de objeto determinado”(for a given reason - what on earth does that mean?) In order to get this, you need:

• A photocopy of the passport with the entry stamp indicating you are still legally in the country plus the original passport
• The work contract
• A letter stamped by a notary requesting the above visa
• US $300

In my case, I still don’t have the ‘real’ contract but it seems that for US $ 300 you can save yourself the hassle, at least for this one. OK, so after queuing for a while, being told I didn’t have a formal letter (it wasn’t on my list! Honest!), and finally reaching the top of the queue, this man checks you have all the required documentation and then sends you to another window (window number 9), where you pay the money and buy an ‘official folder’ in which to include your documentation (including the passport) and an ‘official form’ in which you write your request for this visa (yet again). After this, you are sent to another window (window number 10) where another person inputs the information written in your ‘official form’ into a computer screen, takes your passport away and gives you a receipt to collect your 30 day visa three days later…this time, I am told, in window number 8.

Pheeewww! Ok, so that was easy. Now begins the difficult bit, getting a 12 month visa. For that, I need the following documentation:

• A memorial (this is some kind of more ‘grand’ letter signed by a notary) making a formal request for this visa
• My passport with the previous 30 day visa
• A photocopy of my passport
• A copy of my employment contract stamped by the ministry of employment plus a photocopy of my employer’s company register

OK, so far so good. But wait, wait, there is more. I also need:

A certificate from INTERPOL saying that I have no previous criminal record. For that, I need:

• My passport and photocopies of it (many, they don't specify how many)
• My legalised contract
• Two photos
• I have to fill in an 'official' form
• Pay US $ 5
• Undergo an interview where they ask me what the hell I want to do in Bolivia
• Give my fingerprints

And after doing that, I can go and collect my INTERPOL certificate one, two, three…(nobody knows) weeks later

Once I have that, I need another certificate of my criminal record, this time from the Bolivian police. For that I need:

• A letter from the notary requesting this certificate (sounds familiar?)
• My passport and more photocopies of it
• And, surprise surprise, a copy of the INTERPOL certificate

OK, so that doesn’t look so bad. But I also need from the police proof of address in Bolivia. But in order to get this, I have to take the following:

• A letter signed by the notary (this sounds familiar) asking the national director of the Bolivian police that I need this certificate
• A photocopy of my passport
• A photocopy of the last payment of property tax (from the flat owner)
• Photocopies of gas, water and electric bills in my house (the fact that they are all in the name of the owner because it is virtually impossible to change them is a problem we will have to sort out when we get there)
• Photocopies of the ID cards of two neighbours who act as witnesses and attest I live there
• A hand drawing of where the flat is located (What?? Are you kidding me??)
• A copy of the INTERPOL certificate that specifies my current address and my previous one
• A photocopy of the rental agreement
• A photocopy of the owner’s ID

OK, we are almost there. In the unlikely event that I can get all this stuff, I will have to wait for this certificate for two, three…(nobody knows) weeks. And once I get it, I will then be able to go for the last step in the whole saga and get the medical certificate in some hospital or other where I will need:

• An ‘official’ certificate form to fill in @ US $ 5
• US $ 20 for the medical exam that includes urine and blood test (including HIV- is this dodgy or what?), a dental examination, and a chest X ray.

Once all of this is done, I can go away and return two, three…(nobody knows) weeks later to collect my medical certificate.

At last! Now I only have to go back to migration with all of these certificates and pay US $ 150. And after that, they will keep my passport for two, three… (nobody knows) weeks after which I will have an ID card that gives me the right to stay in Bolivia for a whole year. I am wondering if the entire process can take place before I actually have to return to the UK in August. But then, nobody can say that I didn’t try which should be a pretty good argument if, after getting into this labyrinth, I cannot get out. Wish me luck.

Wednesday, 25 March 2009

UN report confirms Pando massacre




In a further blow to opposition leaders who have done their utmost to discredit the UNASUR report on the Pando massacre that took place 11 September 2008, today, Canadian Denis Racicot, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Bolivia presented his report in La Paz.
In it, he confirms previous findings that what took place in Pando was a massacre and not an armed confrontation like the Bolivian opposition have tried to argue. His report says that “…the massacre of peasants constitutes a grave violation of human rights perpetrated by employees of the prefecture, Sedcam (a road maintenance service dependent on the prefecture), and members of the civic committee of Pando”.
Not good news for a former prefect – Leopoldo Fernandez – who, from prison, has recently had an unusual degree of access to UNITEL’s news programmes (telephone interviews and all) to present himself as a martyr and political prisoner of what the opposition increasingly argue is becoming a totalitarian state.
The prosecutor’s own investigation is still pending but six months after he was arrested accused of ordering the indiscriminate killing of peasants in Porvenir, it seems that international organisations are speaking with one voice regarding the less than benign political actions of the opposition. Of those, one at least (prefect of Tarija Mario Cossio) is accused both of corruption and of incitement to criminal damage during the attempted coup that took place during the days leading up to the massacre.
We will have to see what a justice system that has always pronounced itself in favour of the rich and powerful delivers this time. Given that 2009 is an electoral year, we can only expect that these political battles will be intensely fought.

Tuesday, 24 March 2009

El desafío de América Latina

Noam Chomsky
La Jornada
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/03/14/index.php?section=mundo&article=022a1mun&partner=rss

Hace más de un milenio, mucho antes de la conquista europea, una civilización perdida floreció en un área que conocemos ahora como Bolivia.

Los arqueólogos están descubriendo que Bolivia tenía una sociedad muy sofisticada y compleja, o, para usar sus palabras, "uno de los medios ambientes artificiales más grandes, extraños y ecológicamente más ricos del planeta... sus poblaciones y ciudades eran grandes y formales", y eso creó un panorama que era "una de las obras de arte más grandes de la humanidad".

Ahora Bolivia, junto con buena parte de la región, desde Venezuela hasta Argentina, ha resurgido. La conquista y su eco de dominio imperial en Estados Unidos están cediendo el paso a la independencia y a la interdependencia que marcan una nueva dinámica en las relaciones entre el norte y el sur. Y todo eso tiene como telón de fondo la crisis económica en Estados Unidos y en el mundo.

Durante la pasada década, América Latina se ha convertido en la región más progresista del mundo. Las iniciativas a través del subcontinente han tenido un impacto significativo en países y en la lenta emergencia de instituciones regionales.

Entre ellas figuran el Banco del Sur, respaldado en 2007 por el economista y premio Nobel Joseph Stiglitz, en Caracas, Venezuela; y el Alba, la Alternativa Bolivariana para América Latina y el Caribe, que podría demostrar ser un verdadero amanecer si su promesa inicial puede concretarse.

El Alba suele ser descrito como una alternativa al Tratado de Libre Comercio de las Américas patrocinado por Estados Unidos, pero los términos son engañosos. Debe ser entendido como un desarrollo independiente, no como una alternativa. Y además, los llamados "acuerdos de libre comercio" tienen sólo una limitada relación con el comercio libre, o inclusive con el comercio en cualquier sentido serio del término.

Y ciertamente no son acuerdos, al menos si las personas forman parte de sus países. Un término más preciso sería "acuerdos para defender los derechos de los inversionistas", diseñados por corporaciones multinacionales y bancos y estados poderosos para satisfacer sus intereses, establecidos en buena parte en secreto, sin la participación del público, o sin que tengan conciencia de lo que está ocurriendo.

Otra prometedora organización regional es Unasur, la Unión de Naciones de América del Sur. Modelada en base a la Unión Europea, Unasur se propone establecer un Parlamento sudamericano en Cochabamba, Bolivia. Se trata de un sitio adecuado. En 2000, el pueblo de Cochabamba inició una valiente y exitosa lucha contra la privatización del agua. Eso despertó la solidaridad internacional, pues demostró lo que puede conseguirse a través de un activismo comprometido.

La dinámica del Cono Sur proviene en parte de Venezuela, con la elección de Hugo Chávez, un presidente izquierdista cuya intención es usar los ricos recursos de Venezuela para beneficio del pueblo venezolano en lugar de entregarlos para la riqueza y el privilegio de aquellos en su país y el exterior. También tiene el propósito de promover la integración regional que se necesita de manera desesperada como prerequisito de la independencia, para la democracia, y para un desarrollo positivo.

Chávez no está solo en esos objetivos. Bolivia, el país más pobre del continente, es tal vez el ejemplo más dramático. Bolivia ha trazado un importante sendero para la verdadera democratización del hemisferio. En 2005, la mayoría indígena, la población que ha sufrido más represiones en el hemisferio, ingresó en la arena política y eligió a uno de sus propias filas, Evo Morales, para impulsar programas que derivaban de organizaciones populares.

La elección fue solamente una etapa en las luchas en curso. Los tópicos eran bien conocidos y graves: el control de los recursos, los derechos culturales y la justicia en una compleja sociedad multiétnica, y la gran brecha económica y social entre la gran mayoría y la elite acaudalada, los gobernantes tradicionales.

En consecuencia, Bolivia es también ahora el escenario de la confrontación más peligrosa entre la democracia popular y las privilegiadas elites europeizadas que resienten la pérdida de sus privilegios políticos y se oponen por lo tanto a la democracia y a la justicia social, a veces de manera violenta. De manera rutinaria, disfrutan del firme respaldo de Estados Unidos.

En septiembre pasado, durante una reunión de emergencia de Unasur en Santiago, Chile, líderes sudamericanos declararon "su firme y pleno respaldo al gobierno constitucional del presidente Evo Morales, cuyo mandato fue ratificado por una gran mayoría", aludiendo a su victoria en el reciente referéndum.

Morales agradeció a Unasur, señalando que "por primera vez en la historia de América del Sur, los países de nuestra región están decidiendo cómo resolver sus problemas, sin la presencia de Estados Unidos".

Estados Unidos ha dominado desde hace mucho la economía de Bolivia, especialmente mediante el procesamiento de sus exportaciones de estaño.

Como el experto en asuntos internacionales Stephen Zunes señala, a comienzos de la década de los años 50, "en un momento crítico de los esfuerzos de la nación para convertirse en autosuficiente, el gobierno de Estados Unidos obligó a Bolivia a utilizar su escaso capital no para su propio desarrollo, sino para compensar a ex dueños de minas y repagar su deuda externa".

La política económica que se impuso a Bolivia en esa época fue precursora de los programas de ajuste estructural implementados en el continente 30 años más tarde, bajo los términos del neoliberal "Consenso de Washington", que ha tenido por lo general efectos desastrosos.

Ahora, las víctimas del fundamentalismo del mercado neoliberal incluyen también a países ricos, donde la maldición de la liberalización financiera ha traído la peor crisis financiera desde la gran depresión.

Las modalidades tradicionales del control imperial –violencia y guerra económica– se han aflojado. América Latina tiene opciones reales. Washington entiende muy bien que esas opciones amenazan no sólo su dominación en el hemisferio, sino también su dominación global. El control de América Latina ha sido el objetivo de la política exterior de Estados Unidos desde los primeros días de la república.

Si Estados Unidos no puede controlar América Latina, no puede esperar "concretar un orden exitoso en otras partes del mundo", concluyó en 1971 el Consejo Nacional de Seguridad en la época de Richard Nixon. También consideraba de importancia primordial destruir la democracia chilena, algo que hizo.

Expertos de la corriente tradicional reconocen que Washington sólo ha respaldado la democracia cuando contribuía a sus intereses económicos y estratégicos. Esa política ha continuado sin cambios, hasta el presente.

Esas preocupaciones antidemocráticas son la forma racional de la teoría del dominó, en ocasiones calificada, de manera precisa, como "la amenaza del buen ejemplo". Por tales razones, inclusive la menor desviación de la más estricta obediencia es considerada una amenaza existencial que es respondida de manera dura. Eso va desde la organización del campesinado en remotas comunidades del norte de Laos, hasta la creación de cooperativas de pescadores en Granada.

En una América Latina con una flamante autoconfianza, la integración tiene al menos tres dimensiones. Una es regional, un prerrequisito crucial para la independencia, que dificulta al amo del hemisferio escoger países, uno después de otro. Otra es global, al establecer relaciones entre sur y sur y diversificar mercados e inversiones. China se ha convertido en un socio cada vez más importante en los asuntos hemisféricos. Y la última es interna, tal vez la dimensión más vital de todas.

América Latina es famosa por la extrema concentración de riqueza y de poder, y por la falta de responsabilidad de las elites privilegiadas con respecto al bienestar de sus países.

América Latina tiene grandes problemas, pero hay también desarrollos prometedores que podrían anunciar una época de verdadera globalización. Se trata de una integración internacional en favor de los intereses de pueblo, no de inversionistas y de otras concentraciones del poder.

(Los ensayos de Noam Chomsky sobre lingüística y política acaban de ser recolectados en The Essential Chomsky, editados por Anthony Arnove y publicados por The New Press. Chomsky es profesor emérito de lingüística y filosofía en el Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts de Cambridge).

Monday, 23 March 2009

130 years later, a sense of defeatism still dominates Bolivia



It couldn’t be otherwise. Today marks the 130th anniversary of Bolivia’s loss of access to the Pacific when, after a short expansionist war motivated by Chile’s desire for nitrates, Bolivia was left landlocked at the heart of South America. The fact that, years later, rich copper deposits were found in the conquered land only sealed the fate of Bolivian demands in the international stage that have gone from demands to return this land, to appeals for some form of access to the sea.
Not a sausage. Chilean-Bolivian diplomatic relations have been severed since 1962 on account of this single issue. Although Michele Bachelet and Evo Morales have managed to maintain the most productive and cordial relations between presidents of these two countries for generations, nobody assumes a quick resolution will soon be found to this most intractable problem.
But if the loss of access to the sea is still an issue that permeates Bolivian collective consciousness, it is by no means the only war that affects national identity. For Bolivia has been involved in few wars throughout history but has lost all of them and, in the process, has lost about half of the country’s original territory and the vast natural resources that accompanied them.
At the turn of the twentieth century, it was the northern region of Acre that, due to the rubber boom, found itself in the mire of Brazil and eventually seceded from Bolivia. But the war that marked a turning point for Bolivia was the war of el Chaco (1932-35) with Paraguay, another terrible and costly defeat that discredited the rule of traditional elites and marked the beginning of a sense of consciousness amongst the indigenous majority sent to fight.
Countries tend to create an imaginary view of themselves often based on successful military campaigns. For Bolivia, unfortunately, the last century only serves to reinforce a pervasive sense of humiliation, exploitation and pillage of natural resources, commenced with the Spanish exploitation of Potosi in the 16th century.

Saturday, 21 March 2009

Arranca post alfabetización en otro paso para eliminar analfabetismo en Bolivia

Agencia Boliviana de Informacion
http://abi.bo/index.php?i=noticias_texto_paleta&j=20090321101710&l=200812210001

Oruro, 21 mar (ABI).- Después de haber cumplido la primera meta de sacar de la oscuridad a más de 800 mil iletrados y declarar a Bolivia libre de analfabetismo, el Gobierno de este país iniciará el domingo un aguerrido programa de post alfabetización denominado "Yo sí puedo seguir".

El plan arrancará en la población de Chipaya, en el agreste altiplano boliviano y cuna de una de las culturas más antiguas del continente, a unos 388 kilómetros al sur de La Paz.

El plan está dirigido a los más de 800 mil iletrados alfabetizados con el método cubano "Yo sí puedo" y a todas las personas mayores de 15 años que no concluyeron la primaria, que recibirán los espacios de conocimiento en materias de ciencias naturales, matemáticas, lenguaje, historia y geografía, en su idioma nativo, para acreditar a futuro su formación universitaria, según un boletín de prensa del Ministerio de Educación que lidera el programa.

"En esta segunda fase tenemos que trabajar todos juntos para alcanzar un nivel de educación equivalente inicialmente a quinto de primaria", pidió por su parte Benito Ayma director del programa quien confirmó la asistencia al acto de inauguración del presidente Evo Morales y otros invitados especiales, entre los cuales estarán miembros de la Unesco.

Ayma recordó que el pasado 20 de diciembre Bolivia fue declarada como el tercer país de Latinoamérica libre de analfabetismo, después de Cuba y Venezuela, logrando la meta de 823.256 alfabetizados en todo el país y aseguró que la campaña continuará en un proceso destinado a erradicar el analfabetismo absoluto y funcional.

En el municipio orureño de Chipaya se instalarán 18 puntos de enseñanza y en todo el país 3.000 puntos que serán ubicados de manera simultánea en los 327 municipios.

De acuerdo con la información del Programa de Post Alfabetización, en La Paz se instalarán 450 puntos, en Oruro 350, en Potosí 400, Cochabamba 450, Tarija 200, Chuquisaca 350, Santa Cruz 450, Beni 200 y en Pando 100.

Cada punto funcionará con 15 participantes: maestros, estudiantes de las normales, pedagogos, profesionales, que fueron capacitados en el manejo pedagógico y metodológico, serán los encargados de dar las asignaturas dentro de este programa.
rsl ABI

Tuesday, 17 March 2009

Rebels no more

By Stephen Gibbs
Central America correspondent, BBC News
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7947378.stm

Historians attempting to write a definitive history of how the the Cold War ended need to leave plenty of space for some unexpected appendices.

Take what happened on Sunday night in El Salvador.

The Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), once targeted by the US government as a threat to the world as we knew it, whose defeat was seen as being worth billions of dollars and thousands of lives, gains power.


The young revolutionary leaders who once attracted the attention of the Kremlin or the CIA are now middle-aged men

The US administration sends its congratulations, and says it "looks forward to working with the new government".

The man who will finally bring the party of former Marxist guerrillas from the jungle to the presidential palace is not perhaps the person the Pentagon analysts of the 1980s expected.

Mauricio Funes has never been seen in army fatigues, or carrying an AK-47. He likes a grey suit and designer spectacles. His weapon of choice is a natural eloquence, and a glowing CV from his former employer - CNN.

His view of the American administration is yet more evidence of how the world, and the White House, has changed.

Mr Funes is an admirer of President Barack Obama. He even used his image in his election campaign - something the local US embassy thought was taking things too far.

Reagan's strife

The FMLN's journey from guerrilla army to government has many parallels to the voyage made by another group of (confusingly similarly abbreviated) left-wing rebels, over the border in Nicaragua.

The FSLN, or Sandinista Nation Liberation Front, took power in 1979, establishing a revolutionary government.

Throughout the 1980s the Reagan administration, fearing communism in its back yard, poured money and weapons into the hands of the group's opponents, collectively called the Contras, to try to unseat the rebels.

Finally, the Sandinistas were voted out of power in 1990.

But fast-forward to 2006, and they are back. The group's historic and once-feared leader, Daniel Ortega, is president of Nicaragua.

He undoubtedly remains an irritation to plenty in the US government and elsewhere, who still question his commitment to democracy. Yet it is hard to imagine President Obama spending much of his time worrying about Mr Ortega, as President Reagan once did.

New Cold War?

Plenty has changed. The young revolutionary leaders who once attracted the attention of the Kremlin or the CIA are now middle aged men.

If age has not tempered their radicalism, years in opposition have done so.

Since it was established as a legal political party, El Salvador's FMLN has spent 17 lonely years out of power, watching three of its candidates for president be soundly defeated by the conservative Arena party.

The radicals were left almost voiceless as El Salvador became the most steadfast ally of the US in Latin America.

They stood by as Salvadorean troops were sent to Iraq, and the US embargo on Cuba - where many FMLN guerrillas had trained - was not opposed.

Those years led the the party to rethink its strategy, and drove it to Mauricio Funes.

Some suggest that he is a front man, and point to the the fact that his running mate is Salvador Sanchez, a former guerrilla commander.

Others suggest that a new Cold War in Latin America is beginning, only with different protagonists: Venezuela's Hugo Chavez cast as the new Khrushchev, gathering acolytes into his fold.

With the economic crisis putting real pressure on the economies and people of Latin America, there will be plenty of opportunity for division and radicalism.

But look at Mr Funes, and it is tempting to believe that the real war is over.

Monday, 16 March 2009

The 'pink tide' takes hold of Central America

At last, after almost 20years of right wing political control, Salvadoreans give a chance to the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN). In this way, the left achieves in peace what it did not manage in war.

According to the latest polls, the FMLN candidate Mauricio Funes obtained more than 51 per cent of the vote against 48 per cent for his opponent of the Arena party, Rodrigo Avila. He has accepted defeat.

Thus begins a new chapter in Salvadorean politics and in the politics of Central America that were gripped by civil war in the 1980s. In El Salvador alone, the conflict cost the lives of tens of thousands during almost two decades of war ended in 1991.

Mauricio Funes is the first FMLN presidential candidate with no direct involvement in the war. He is a well-known TV journalist who has stressed his moderate views and intends to implement a process of change that includes, amongst other things, excellent relations with the US.

Friday, 13 March 2009

Bolivian President Morales Asks UN to Recognize Legal Coca Use

Jonathan J. Levin
http://boliviarising.blogspot.com/2009/03/bolivias-morales-asks-un-to-recognize.html

March 12 (Bloomberg) -- Bolivian President Evo Morales asked the United Nations to recognize traditional uses of the coca leaf, the raw ingredient in cocaine, in a letter addressed today to Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.

“Chewing coca leaves is a thousand-year-old practice of the indigenous communities in the Andes mountains that can’t and shouldn’t be prohibited,” Morales wrote, according to a copy of the letter e-mailed by the Foreign Ministry.

Morales has encouraged the industrialization and possible exportation of coca products such as teas and liqueurs since taking office in 2006. Bolivia is the third-biggest producer of coca in the world after Colombia and Peru, and total production was about 28,900 hectares (71,413 acres) in 2007, more than double the 12,000 hectares allowed under Bolivian law, according to the most recent United Nations drug report.

The president, an Aymara Indian and former coca farmer, said in the letter that the leaf is harmless and non-addictive, containing only trace amounts of the alkaloid cocaine.

Morales chewed the leaves at a UN conference on drug policy in Vienna, Austria, yesterday as he asked the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs to reverse its 48-year-old decision to qualify the coca leaf as a narcotic, according to official state news agency ABI. The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs said chewing of the coca leaf must be abolished within 25 years.

The coca policies “established by the UN in 1961 constitute a threat to the rights of indigenous communities,” Morales wrote.

Morales’s popularity has grown amid a surge in Bolivian nationalism that glorifies indigenous culture and demonizes the U.S. for its coca eradication programs. A new constitution approved in January for the first time protects coca as a cultural heritage and a “factor in social cohesion.”

The Bolivian leader says the problem of drug trafficking should be stopped by curbing consumption in major markets like the United States and Europe.
Posted by Bolivia Rising on Friday, March 13, 200

Monday, 9 March 2009

Aspirante a la presidencia boliviana calumnia a su país en España...

Jubenal Quispe
Rebelión
http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=81758&titular=aspirante-a-la-presidencia-boliviana-calumnia-a-su-pa%EDs-en-espa%F1a...-

Don Carlos Mesa Gisbert, ex vicepresidente de Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, ex presidente de Bolivia (al inicio del ocaso neoliberal) y uno de los más prominentes oradores de América Latina, escribió en el diario El País de España, el 26/02/09, una columna titulada “Bolivia, el ‘sí’ a la Constitución y sus equívocos” (http://www.elpais.com/articulo/opinion/Bolivia/Constitucion/equivocos/elpepiopi/20090226elpepiopi_5/Tes), que por justicia merece ser comentada.

Don Carlos Mesa, se encuentra en plena campaña política para las elecciones presidenciales del próximo mes de diciembre en Bolivia. En esta contienda, al ver a Don Evo Morales, su principal opositor, demasiado fuerte, recurre al sofisma para desacreditarlo ante la comunidad europea. Pero en este cometido, D. Carlos, termina lanzando una serie de calumnias en contra del pueblo boliviano.

El ex presidente dice refiriéndose a los indígenas de Bolivia: “(…) éstos tienen desde hace medio siglo derecho al voto, ciudadanía plena y propiedad directa sobre la tierra merced a una profunda reforma agraria (1953), y desde hace casi 20 años municipios indígenas autónomos (…)”. Si los indígenas de Bolivia gozaban y gozan de la cualidad de ciudadanía plena, ¿por qué estaban y están ausentes en la gestión de las instituciones públicas? ¿Por qué se los mantuvo en la oscuridad del analfabetismo y bajo la tiranía hambre? ¿Por qué Bolivia emprendió el escabroso camino de la Constituyente ? ¿Qué Ley boliviana contempla municipios indígenas autónomos?

El rito quinquenal del voto universal no significa ciudadanía plena para nadie. Mucho menos cuando los electores carecen de información. La reforma agraria de 1953 sólo se aplicó en los andes y valles de Bolivia. En el Oriente del país (que geográficamente representa las dos terceras partes de Bolivia) el latifundio y la esclavitud permanecieron incólumes. ¿Acaso el acceso a la tierra sin tecnología, ni educación, ni mercados es garantía de una ciudadanía plena? ¿Acaso estas y otras deudas históricas no están contenidas en la obra “Historia de Bolivia” de D. Carlos Mesa?

Intentando atizar el enfado de cuantos aún no conocen el texto constitucional de Bolivia, D. Carlos dice: “( La Constitución Política ) reconoce 36 lenguas oficiales (tres de ellas ya extinguidas) y asume un número equivalente de naciones entre las que no están los cinco millones y medio de no indígenas”. El Art. 3° de la Constitución Política dice: “ La nación boliviana está conformada por la totalidad de las bolivianas y los bolivianos, ( …)”. ¿Dónde está la exclusión de los no indígenas? El reconocimiento de los idiomas originarios, en el mismo rango del castellano, es una cuestión de justicia histórica con los excluidos. D. Carlos, como investigador, sabe que en Bolivia, lo mestizo e indígena no son excluyentes. Muchos se autodefinen como indígenas y mestizos al mismo tiempo. Es decir, gestionan múltiples identidades.

Con una total falta a la verdad dice que la población indígena bordea el 45% de la población boliviana. Es decir, una minoría nacional. ¡Cuántas veces él mismo ha difundido los datos oficiales del Censo Nacional del 2001, en el que 62% de los bolivianos/as se autodefinían como indígenas. Ahora, luego de la irrupción de los pueblos indígenas, este porcentaje debe estar por encima del 70%. ¿Con qué intención intenta presentar a las grandes mayorías como minorías?

Afirma que el pluralismo jurídico no es benigno para Bolivia, tampoco la retroactividad de la ley en temas de corrupción. ¿No fue su discurso contra la corrupción que le mantuvo en el poder cuando accidentalmente ejerció la Presidencia del país?

Reitera que la nueva Constitución no tiene novedades en cuestión de derechos fundamentales, sino sólo profundización en los mismos. ¿Será que el ex presidente no ha leído la Constitución antes de emitir su voto en el referéndum del pasado 25 de enero? La Constitución boliviana, no sólo incorpora derechos fundamentales de la tercera generación, sino, de manera inédita, constitucionaliza derechos colectivos en el mismo rango que los individuales.

Con premeditación y alevosía dice: “El Estado tiene el control completo de la economía, incluso sobre la totalidad de las utilidades de las empresas privadas”. ¡Esto espanta a la reticente inversión extranjera!. El Art. 308° dice: “ El Estado reconoce, respeta y protege la iniciativa privada, para que contribuya al desarrollo económico, ( …)”. El mismo Art. en su II parágrafo dispone “ Se garantiza la libertad de empresa y el pleno ejercicio de las actividades empresariales, que serán reguladas por la ley ”. ¿Por qué D. Carlos sostiene que se estatiza incluso la totalidad de las utilidades de las empresas privadas?

Al mejor estilo de los sofistas mediáticos, D. Carlos dice que en Bolivia no pueden convivir campesinos con citadinos, Oriente con Occidente, indígenas con mestizos. Mayor simpleza analítica no puede existir. Esta supuesta confrontación mediática y maniquea no coincide con la realidad boliviana heterogénea. De lo contrario, hace rato el país estaría ardiendo en una guerra civil. Existe confrontación en Bolivia, pero es de los ricos en contra de los empobrecidos, porque éstos democráticamente se han rebelado en contra de aquellos y los han expulsado de algunos espacios del poder político. ¿Dónde quedó la honestidad intelectual y la deontología comunicativa que tantas veces nos predicó desde su canal de TV y sus columnas periodísticas? ¿Por qué intenta mentir a la comunidad internacional sobre la realidad de un país al cual Ud. aspira gobernar?
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